The Reagan And Thatcher Governments Influenced American...

Along with their successors, the Reagan and Thatcher governments influenced American and British politics for the majority of the 1970s and 1980s. They both agreed for free-market economics and were disapproved with the ‘Great Society’. The political change created new variety of social policy commentators which included crime and justice. Individuals differed politically. Individuals who were on the right were supportive towards free-market criticisms on previous measures compared to those individuals whom were on the left who were critical of free-market economics and related political concepts. They were also critical of what they believed to be unhelpful (Newburn, 2009). In criminology, ‘realism’ is involved with the view that ‘crime’ is the outcome if known real-world causes. Realists are concerned with the forces that lead to crime perpetration instead of with how crime is defined. Right realists whom are inspired by James Q. Wilson (1985) argue that a lack of self-control is what causes crime. Individuals commit crime because they are rewarded with financial, material or emotional rewards. Left realists whom were inspired by Jock Young argue that interactions between social actors such as the police, the public, victims and offenders cause crime. In Young’s view, the effectiveness of policing is shaped by the link between the police and the public. The power of crime is formed by the link between the victim and the offender (O’Brien and Yar, 2008). Left realism is aShow MoreRelatedGeorge Thatcher s Influence On British Politics1884 Words   |  8 PagesMargret Thatcher was born on October 13, 1935. She went to college at Oxford University where she received a degree in chemistry. Later on she went to study law where she then was able to pass the bar. Years later, she ran for position in parliament and loss. After this lost, she went on to have kids and focus on her family. She then realized that after focusing on her family she still had a passion for government and she still wanted to get involve in British politic. She then took on various positionsRead MoreNew Right Conservatism2012 Words   |  9 PagesKingdom and United States, but like neighbouring New Zealand, the 1980s saw the Australian Labor Party initiate Third Way economic reforms, which bear some familiarity to New Right ideology. After the John Howard Coalition defeated 13-year Labor government at the 1996 federal election, economic reforms were taken further, some examples being wholesale labour market deregulation (e.g. WorkChoices), the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), the privatisation of the telecommunications monopolyRead MoreThe United Nations ( Un )1309 Words   |  6 Pagesrelations.† International regimes have the ability to change the nature of state interactions as well as providing solutions to intra-state wars. An international regimes ability to do this varies based on several different factors. These factors are influenced by the regimes foreign policy and their standing in the international community, as well as binding international treaties, such as NATO and the EU. A regimes military strength can also play a role in their ability to influence their ability toRead MoreEssay about The Modern Presidency:an Evolution3137 Words   |  13 Pagesinitial fulfillment during the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt. Under the stimulus of the New Deal, World War II, and the entrepreneurial leadership of Frankli n Roosevelt, there was a huge expansion of not only the president but of the federal government itself (Gelderman, 1997). This growth was further enhanced by the emergence of the United States as a world and nuclear power. These growths that helped make Franklin Roosevelt our first modern president were further solidified by Harry Truman andRead MoreParliamentary and Presidential Form of Government8135 Words   |  33 Pagesforms of Government in a democracy. In England there is the Parliamentary system, and it has worked so well over the years that it has become a model for a number of other countries. In the U.S.A., on the other hand, there is the Presidential form of executive, and it has been working quite successfully in that country. These two forms of government have their own distinctive characteristics, and their own respective merits and demerits. A parliamentary system is a system of government in which theRead MoreImmanuel Wallersteins World Systems Theory1893 Words   |  8 Pageshave a global culture or â€Å"global polity† that significantly influenced how nation-states and international organisations are formed and develop. The global culture helps to create the identity, purpose, behaviour and nature of these social units. Goran (2010, pp.35) described several waves of globalisation throughout human history. He describes how until 1750 Asia had been a significant rival to European hegemony. After the Franco-British seven years war Britain emerging as world s first global superpowerRead MorePre-Columbian Period9302 Words   |  38 Pagesare thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land bridge, at least 14,000 30,000 years ago.[10] Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas. These were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas. Many indigenous peoples were semi-nomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers; others were sedentary and agricultural civilizations. Many formed new tribesRead MoreEssay on The History of Conflict in Ireland14775 Words   |  60 PagesThe History of Conflict in Ireland An American audience may find it difficult to comprehend the sense of history which is in the Irish conflict. It goes back to the 1920s when the island was partitioned, and Catholics in Northern Ireland believed that they were on the wrong side of that border, and believed that they had been done out of their political heritage. But Protestants have a sense of history which goes back to at least the seventeenth century, where fromRead MoreCompare and Contrast - Women5945 Words   |  24 Pageshome but are out making their own money. They now have the option to work at home or to go out and have a successful career, economy permitting. Women’s greatest victory over the past 100 years is probably the level of education widely available to American women. Education opens the doors and is in some ways the great equalizer in the job market. And even if a mother can’t stay home to raise her kids and trade mommy stories with friends and family, she is blessed with the miracle of the Internet toRead MoreImpact of Globalization and Bangladesh18126 Words   |  73 Pages.27 Logistics Infrastructure ..........................................................................................28 Effects of Government Decisions on FDI..............................................................30 Trade Policy of Bangladesh ...................................................................................30 v Eliminating Government Corruption and the Challenges of Law and Order ............... 32 General............................................................

Prosocial Behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1688 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? There is a saying that goes, â€Å"No human is an island†. This statement is not only true from the economical sense but also in the social sense. Humans being social animals must interact with other humans not only to get a sense of belonging but is also a proven means of maintaining a healthy life. Considering how important social relationships have a big impact on the lives of humans we in our daily interactions can have considerable effects on the lives of others without our knowledge In the following essay we will be highlighting those effects that our good deeds have on our lives as well as to those around us. In our daily interactions in the course of the day we get to interact with a wide variety of people, each of them dealing with a different circumstances in life and as a result of that they all will be in different moods. For this exercise with each engagement we will try to relate with them with a view of helping them and see whether our prosocial acts will all be in vain or will have a noticeable difference in both of the involved parties. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Prosocial Behavior" essay for you Create order The first encounter that I had in a social setting was situated in a public service vehicle. Having boarded the vehicle I took the seat closest to the do being as it would be the most convenient for me to get out of the van. As I sat there waiting for the vehicle to have full capacity so that we can all depart there came an old Hindu couple. As I sat there I observed the difficulty they were having in getting in to the vehicle. Considering all the seats near the door were already occupied, the task would even be more difficult for them as they would need to slowly and steadily need to get access to the hind seats. As we sat there observing how they were struggling to get in the vehicle I took the step of moving to the hide seat so that I could at least leave the space for at least one of them. Little did I know, my simple and speech less act compelled another person who had sat next to me to also move, and as a result the old couple ended up getting adjacent seats next to each other. The couple soon alighted in the next spot and also easily accessed the door as they got out. From the back I could see the joy in their faces, even though they did not say it there was a general mood of appreciation in their faces. Soon after we reached the final destination and we all alighted from the vehicle. As I was heading to school I observed the people who were passing across me and I couldn’t help but wonder what could be going on in their lives and the challenges there could be dealing with in their lives. Everybody on the surface seemed to be aright but obviously this could not be the case. As I was walking down the street a lady was struggling to drag a suitcase, each time covering a short distance and then pausing to catch a break. Being a random person at first I did not know how to generally approach her in order to help her. This however is not as easy as it sounds, especially with the going trends in which some people can offer to help others carry their luggage only to later on steal from them. So first and foremost I needed to gain the trust of the lady in order for me to lend a helping hand. Finally I figured out the easiest and surest way to gain her trust. This could only be achieved with the truth. I consoled myself that I had nothing to lose and I approached her and greeted her and then started conversing with her where in the process offered to lend her a hand carrying the luggage as we continued to talk. While I was at it I told her of the research I was conducting and asked on her view on the matter. She opened me to her line of thought which I couldn’t help but agree. She pointed out the fact that these prosocial acts done performed not only have a short term or immediate effect, but also they may have long term implications in the future. For you at the moment the good acts may end up altering the mood of that person and help them deal positively with the daily stressors. However it is very unlikely for the person who you did the act to forget and considering that now he will be feeling indebted to you he will likely repay the good did if you happen to in teract with them in future. This seemingly little acts that are promoted by empathy and the mindset of helping others helps in reducing aggressive behavior, as well as aggression related thoughts. As I reached to school I tried to continue exercising my prosocial acts to those around me often without the use of words but by my actions. One instance was when I meet the janitor cleaning a certain pathway that I used to use, normally I would just pass ignoring him pretending to be in a hurry but today things we little bit different. I approached there with a general feeling of happiness with a smile on my face, greeted him and I waited for him to be done with that section before I could pass through. Finally when he was done I gently passed through. He noted my act of patience that day and thanked me for it. It was here that I also discovered that these prosocial acts not only have an effect on the people who we show them to, but that they also affect us. Being told the simple thank you, ended up brightening my mood even more as my spirits were further lifted. It was that, in addition to the knowledge that I had helped brighten other people’s mood that made me generally happier. I proceeded to class with a slight smile on my face. As I made my way through the class as I headed to my seat, I tried to ask about how they were all going as I wished them a fruitful and eventful day. And it could be seen clearly that a smile can be infectious. As I sat down I thought of the next way in which I could brighten another person’s day. It finally came to me, and my person of interest was the next person that would occupy my seat after I left that class. I removed my sticky note and thought of a motivating massage with which I would leave on my desk for the next person to read. Although I wouldn’t be there to observe his reaction to my note, I was almost certain it would have an impact to his, or her day. Considering that I wasn’t aware of what expertly they may be going through in life I tried to generally to give inspiring messages of hope, and may be that was exactly the kind of motivation the needed to press on with life. AT the end of the day having now realized that these prosocial have an effect on both the dower of the act and the person it is done to, I had to split my analysis in to those two respective parts. First point of analysis highlights the relationship between prosocial acts and daily stress. Apart for the first case where I practically reduced the stress of the couple who were having difficulties accessing a seat in the vehicle, prosocial acts also indirectly help in the reduction of daily stress. This comes about for the fact that those acts will generally help in improving the general mood of the recipients. This further goes to reduce the aggressive behavior in their recipients. Often when dealing with daily stressors the normal reaction is usually with aggression, which is supported with the bad mood of the recipient, so in directly changing the mood of the recipient you will end up indirectly the chances in which he would reach later on to daily stressors in a negative way. Secondly we will have to look at the effects on the recipient and for this case I will try to analyze the effect that the proposal acts had on my day, and if there were any positive changes what I would wish to change about my life in the future. I noticed that is was not only the mood of the recipient that ended up getting lifted by my own also. Fist and foremost it was the knowledge that knowing that I had helped another person deal with his/her challenged that made me feel good about myself. I noticed that with each act I felt better and better about myself to the point that as I met a challenging situation that would generally upset me under normal circumstances I would approach the matter with appositive mindset. This was exemplified when later on in the day when a person stepped on my feet and apologized, normally I would react to such situations with a negative attitude and often with harsh language. However this was not the case today as I was more understanding and reasoned that it could also happen to me. Considering that I had spent the whole day trying to think of what others were going through it wouldn’t be fair for me to insult the person not knowing the challenges he was dealing with. It was then that I finally realized that these prosocial acts not only affect the emotional state of the subjects but that it is also imperative to the mental health of humans. And it it to that note that I decided that I would continue to show empathy and always be willing to help others because in the process I will also be helping my self.

Character Analysis in Pip in Charles Dickens´ Great...

Everyone in life struggles to live up to what others and society expects them to be in life, the next Harvard Graduate, or the next new celebrity. But, these expectations can begin to define a person if he believes he has to conform to societys expectations. In Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations, young Pip feels the pressure from society and his love, Estella, to become a gentleman. By attempting to rise in his social class Pip then abandons his previous good morals and his family members when he moves to London. Each character has aspirations for Pip which he believes he must fulfill in order to succeed in life. He also sets expectations for his friends and family and becomes disappointed when they do not meet his aspirations.†¦show more content†¦For example, Miss Havisham has very high expectations for Pip. She believes he will become a gentleman and she loves how he is educating for a lady; far out of reach; prettier than ever; admired by all who see her (205). Mis s Havisham expects this of Pip but no he will never be able to attain Estellas love because she does not bestowed [her] tenderness anywhere. [She has] never had any such thing.(205). Pip desires to become a gentleman so he tries to live up to Miss Havishams expectations. Furthermore, as he tries to win over Miss Havisham, he also wants Estella to fall in love with him. Pip believes he loves Estella with the love of a man, [and] loved her simply because [he finds] her irresistible (411). He realizes in order to win Estella over, he must become a gentleman which would take time, to become uncommon under these circumstances (129). Furthermore, Estella ridicules Pip about his manners and appearance because he calls the knaves, Jacks ... ‘And what coarse hands he has! And what thick boots! (105). Estella expects if Pip is to be worthy of her love, he will be a gentleman, so he begins his quest to conform to Estellas idea of perfection. However, while he strives to win over Miss Ha visham and Estella, he also strives to still be a part of his family. The major problem is Pip does not realize is he cannot be both because Miss Havisham andShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens Great Expectations964 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, minor characters help in the development of Pip and his psychological state. The novel journeys with Pip as he grows from a poor, young boy to an adult in the upper class. Difficult situations, suspense, and dynamic characters fill the novel. Julian Moynahan, a professor emeritus of literature at Rutgers University, analyzed Dickens’ novel and produced excellent parallels between a select few of the characters in her work â€Å"Parallels Between Pip, OrlickRead MoreGreat Expectations1707 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Human nature is the psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind. Human nature separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. The underlining theme of human nature is evident in Great Expectation by Charles Dickens use of his characters. A main characteristic that Dickens displays is friendship. The friendship between Pip and Herbert is strong. Herbert was significant to Pip’s growth in social class and eventual to his revelation. â€Å"Friendship was oneRead MorePip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations1173 Words   |  5 PagesPip’s Character Change in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens is a compelling story rich in friendship, love and fortune. The main character, Pip, is a dynamic character that undergoes many changes through the course of the book and throughout this analysis, the character Pip, will be identified and his gradual change through the story will be quoted and explained. The main character, Pip, is a gentle character. His traits include Read MoreEssay on Great Expectations Theme Analysis1256 Words   |  6 Pagesyears ago, Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations has come to be known as a timeless and remarkably moving work of literature. It is considered to be one of Dickens’ most recognizable works, and is celebrated for its meaningful, universally-believed themes. In order for this novel to be properly understood, a thoughtful analysis of its major themes must be given. Socio-Economic Status and Hierarchy The ones who seem to be most affected by society’s beliefs about class and social order are Pip, his familyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Great Expectations1449 Words   |  6 Pageswork of fiction is, however, dependant on who is reading it at the time. In the case of Great Expectations there are a number of themes running through the text including betterment through education, what it is to be a gentleman, respectability and crime, parental /family ties, and industry and idleness. Many of the original readers of the work were not concerned with analysing these various themes, and how Dickens put the work together. Rather, it was enjoyed as a populist piece of fiction which simplyRead MoreGreat Expectations for All Essay1835 Words   |  8 Pageslove and the humiliation many experience. In Charles Dickens novel Great Expectations, one is able to watch an innocent boy’s transformation into a mature gentleman who is still a child at heart. Pip is plagued with the daun ting responsibilities of adulthood and deciding where his loyalties lay. Torn between the alluring world of the rich and his roots in a destitute village, Pip must make a decision. In his early existence, extraordinary young Pip lives in impoverished house in Kent, England withRead MoreUnderstanding the Plot of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens2205 Words   |  9 Pagesare related, structured, and how they depict change in the major characters. The majority of plots will follow some process of change in which the main characters are caught up in a conflict that is eventually resolved. The plot of a novel can be broken down in five parts: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution (Wikipedia). The exposition usually occurs at the start of the story. Here is when the characters are first introduced and were we also learn about the setting ofRead MoreEssay about Settings in Great Expectations928 Words   |  4 PagesShow how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot - Great expectations Show how Dickens uses settings in Great Expectations to enhance our understanding of character and the symbolic elements of the plot. As we notice in the novel Great Expectations, Charles Dickens uses many different narrative techniques other than the usual description. One of these techniques is that of describing character throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens Great Expectations3684 Words   |  15 PagesOlivia Smith Mr. Oravec AP Literature and Composition 27 January 2014 Analysis Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations â€Å"And as to the condition on which you hold your advancement in life—namely, that you are not to inquire or discuss to whom you owe it—you may be very sure that it will never be encroached upon, or even approached by me, or by any one belonging to me.† (Dickens, 177). This excerpt foretells the main theme of the novel, Pip’s journey of self-improvement. The main theme of the novelRead MoreThe Link Between Social Class And Sheer1347 Words   |  6 Pagesstandings often affects self image and worth. In the Victorian era one s position in this pre-defined social hierarchy affected their whole life. Observations from Charles Dickens’ classic book, Great Expectations, conceives a link between social class - particularly that of England - and superficiality. Generally, the lower a character was financially was often met with the corresponding level of how they are seen by others. These connections can be ascertained through Pip’s actions as a member of

Theme Of Honesty In Young Goodman Brown - 1912 Words

In the short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Nathaniel Hawthorne depicts the tale of a young Puritan man who secretly visits a mysterious individual, later revealing himself as the devil, only to realize that the people he saw as pure and virtuous were already allied with the sin he feared so deeply. Although the encounter was revealed to be a mere dream, Goodman Brown’s outlook on life was altered completely, depicting the weakness of public morality as well as how societal pressures lead to such a strong fear of judgment that even the best of men can lose sight of who they are. In his work, â€Å"The Insufficiency of Honesty,† Stephen Carter draws the line between honesty and integrity, demonstrating through numerous scenarios how one could†¦show more content†¦Now are ye undeceived. Evil is the nature of mankind† (Hawthorne 12). Through his mistake of encountering the devil, Goodman Brown was exposed to an unnecessary truth, which in turn led to him questioning everyone’s motivations and integrity. Had he decided to run back to his wife, he could have been able to his integrity by turning a blind eye to a horrid truth. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the devil was an example of what Stephen Carter referred to as ‘fake honesty’ in his work, â€Å"The Insufficiency of Honesty.† One could argue that the devil was quite truthful. However, this honesty had a lack of integrity which was what made it immoral in actuality. I believe that the devil lacked integrity because his truths did nothing but cause others grief. In contrast, Goodman Brown was believably honorable at the beginning of the story as his hid his wicked intentions from his wife who he believed was innocent. Although he lied to his wife, he preserved his integrity because he shouldered his dark secret in order to spare Faith’s feelings. While the devil hurt others with his truths, Goodman Brown only hurt himself with his l ies, which is what initially made him better than the devil. However, as Goodman Brown’s integrity was challenged over and over again by the evils presented to him by the devil as well as his own sinful temptation, he ended up losing the honor he worked so hardShow MoreRelatedCompairison of Young Goodman Brown and No Country For Old Men900 Words   |  4 PagesThe story Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne depicts a man whose inner desire is to experience the evil forbidden forest, as well as retaining his image as a, â€Å"good and honest Christian.† This internal conflict is also portrayed in the movie No Country for Old Men, which was directed and written by the Coen brothers. In the movie the main character, Llewellyn Moss, is confronted with the moral dilemma of either keeping the drug money he found or calling the police. Although he morally makesRead MoreShort Story Compare/Contrast1439 Words   |  6 PagesFiction Essay ENGL 102: Composition and Literature MLA Outline THESIS: In â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† by Richard Connell and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† by Nathaniel Hawthorne, imagery and characterization are employed to illustrate the ever present inner darkness of humanity. However, the authors set very different themes in how their protagonists reflect upon and respond to being faced with it. Both men must choose whether they will reject and confront evil or simply abide it with apathy. Read MoreLiterary Analysis Of Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown 1175 Words   |  5 Pages2017 Symbolism in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, and was set during the 17th Century Puritan Era. The story was published in 1835 during the Romantic Era. Nathaniel Hawthorne was known for being the master of symbolism. His novels and short stories have been embedded with suggestion and imagination. The dense symbolism that Hawthorne writes could imply multiple interpretations. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† has quite a few themes and symbols withinRead MoreDevelopment Of Narrative, By Nathaniel Hawthorne, And Edgar Allen Poe1302 Words   |  6 Pagesout what needed to be done to take care of his family. After he slept for 20 years and in the absence of his wife, he is finally relieved of being hindered and heckled by his wife. Hawthorne shows the value of being honest by an example of Young Goodman Brown who was susceptible to suspicious acts. If you go behind someone’s back, more than likely it is not a good act to carry out and more ti mes than not, you will probably get caught and suffer some sort of consequence. Poe shows us that fear isRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganizational theory challenges the relationship between individuals, groups and the organization through bureaucracy and hierarchy The virtuous bureaucracy Modernist themes in organizational design Modernist bureaucracy as a key challenge to organization design Contingency theory and organization design Organization culture as a key theme in organization theory The modernist tradition in organization culture Conclusions: does modernist organization theory still provide challenges for new visions ofRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesOpportunity Employment 72 The Role of the EEOC 72 Office of Federal Contract Compliance Program (OFCCP) 73 Current Issues in Employment Law 74 What Is Sexual Harassment? 74 Are Women Reaching the Top of Organizations? 75 DID YOU KNOW?: EEOC Reaches Out to Young Work ers 76 HRM in a Global Environment 78 Summary 79 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 52 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 52 Case 2: Nine-to-Five No More 52 Working with a Team: Making a Layoff Decision 52 Learning anRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBommer, Cleveland State University Bryan Bonner, University of Utah Jessica Bradley, Clemson University Dr. Jerry Bream, Empire State College/ Niagara Frontier Center Jim Breaugh, University of Missouri Peggy Brewer, Eastern Kentucky University Deborah Brown, North Carolina State University Reginald Bruce, University of Louisville Jeff Bruns, Bacone College Pamela Buckle, Adelphi University Patricia Buhler, Goldey-Beacom College Allen Bures, Radford University Edith Busija, University of Richmond HollyRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagessought to address a number of key questions that logically follow each other in the context of strategic marketing management: 1 Where are we now? 2 Where do we want to be? 3 How might we get there? 4 Which way is best? 5 How can we ensure arrival? The themes of planning, implementing and controlling marketing activities are reflected in the answers to these questions – as offered in the eighteen chapters which follow. The structure of the book is designed to take the reader through each of the questionsRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesMaxFli Sales Force Automation System at BAT CASE STUDY IV-7 Meridian Hospital Systems, Inc.: Deciding Which IT Company to Join CASE STUDY IV-8 Mary Morrison’s Ethical Issue Seventh Edition Managing Information Technology Carol V. Brown Howe School of Technology Management, Stevens Institute of Technology Daniel W. DeHayes Kelley School of Business, Indiana University Jeffrey A. Hoffer School of Business Administration, The University of Dayton E. Wainright Martin KelleyRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesThought  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2005 The Evolution of Management Thought 57 to suit modern conditions. For example, Weber’s and Fayol’s concerns for equity and for establishing appropriate links between performance and reward are central themes in contemporary theories of motivation and leadership. Behavioral Management Theory behavioral management The study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement

Transactional Leadership and Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Transactional Leadership and Development. Answer: Introduction Leadership is a broad term, and it can be defined as the act of leading a group of individuals in a certain direction. Additionally, it can also be defined as a position or a state of being a leader (McCleskey, 2014). Leadership entails developing a clear vision then sharing the vision with other people in order for them to follow it willingly. It also involves giving the information, skills, and ways to realize the provided vision as well as balancing and coordinating the conflicting interests of individuals and all stakeholders (Inclusive leadership, 2017). This paper seeks to review deeply my reflection on leadership studies and how I can apply it in my organization from what I have learned in class. As I was growing up, all I knew about leadership was that it is a state of being a leader and it started with my family where I viewed my father as the leader of the house by the way he used to give instructions. Notably, I associated everyone giving instructions and rules as a leader including my teachers, prefects and being in this class has taught me that I was not wrong. Additionally, I have learned that not everyone can become a leader since there are traits that leaders should have in order to lead. Leaders can be defined as people who commands or leads others in a country or an organization. Being in a leadership class has widened my thoughts, and I have come to learn about leadership traits, theories as well as leadership styles. My leadership definition has changed, and I can define leadership as a state of leading people using different leadership traits and styles. Being in leadership class has helped me to learn about the characteristics that leaders should have in order to serve people and lead them in the right direction. Effective leaders should be emotional stable such that they have the ability to tolerate frustrations as well as stress (Raes et al., 2013). They should be psychologically prepared that anything can happen as they are leading and they should be mature enough to tackle these challenges. Additionally, leaders should express enthusiasm, and they should be expressive, active and energetic in their work. They should be open to any changes that come their way and be very optimistic to ideas. The leader should lead by example because everyone they lead tends to follow what they do thus they should be self-disciplined (Hotez Aksoy, 2017). Leaders should be tough-minded such that they are logic, practical, and straight to the point. If a leader does not like a particular aspect of a group, he or she should be open and straight to the point to state it in order to prevent conflict. He should be confident and show a sense of self-assurance . They should not try to prove anything to the group, and they should be free of guilt (M. H. Anderson Sun, 2017). I learned that leaders should be brave and creative such that they are able to come up with new ideas and skill. Additionally, I have learned about leadership styles in this class. There are different leadership styles such as autocratic leadership where it is centered on the manager or the boss. The leader does not consult anyone subordinate while making decisions, but instead, he does it on his own. Such leaders make decisions and then communicate the decisions to their subordinates and expect quick implementation (H. J. Anderson, Baur, Griffith, Buckley, 2017). Democratic leadership is where the leader consults other members whenever they want to make a particular decision in an organization. This style of leadership makes all members feel that they are part of the organization and they appreciate it so much. Transformational leadership is all about bringing change in the firm, oneself, groups, and others (Hoch, Pearce, Welzel, 2010). These leaders motivate the subordinate to do a lot compared to what they can perform or even think. They set more challenging goals for the organization, and they end up achieving higher performance. Additionally, they tend to have committed as well as satisfied members since they empower them to do they work in an extraordinary manner. Laissez-faire leadership provides authority to the members. People are permitted to work as they choose with little or no interference (Prestia, 2017). Learning these traits is of benefit to my organization because I can lead in the right way. Additionally, I am able to correct where I make mistakes, and I can come up with new ideas in the company which help the firm grow in a positive manner. I have learned that in order for an organization to grow, the leadership style that a leader uses in the firm matters a lot. For me, I am a transformational leader because I realized that this style of leadership makes employees work harder than they do before and they are able to get out of their comfort zone in the workplace. Additionally, I am able to come up with new goals which are challenging but not complicated, and employees are able to achieve them at the right time. Being a transformational leader has helped me maintain the same employees for a long time because I give them a chance to show their skills and knowledge in different departments where each one of them works in and therefore able to grow. Additionally, these employees hav e a chance to speak out their decision about an aspect, and I also give them room to express their feelings whenever they feel something is not right. Leading my employees using this style of leadership has helped my organization develop and grow greatly since objectives are met at the right time and employees always come to work without fail as they are motivated to work in my organization. Leadership studies have a positive implication for my future in my organization because I tend to learn something new and fresh in this class whenever I interact with my fellow students and employees. Additionally, the implication is that leadership studies will help me become more innovative and introduce more ideas which will help my organization grow. Additionally, I will also be able to understand more ways in which I can determine a qualified employee in the process of interviewing and hiring new workers. I need to learn more about how a leader can serve employees without favoring some of them. In other words, in my organization, some employees complain that the manager has a habit of favoring employees who are obedient and those who hit their goals at the right time. I understand that this habit can be dangerous and it can affect employees in a great way and decide to perform their work in a slow way because they might not feel motivated. According to equity theory of motivatio n which was developed by Adams John, stated that people are always motivated to work whenever there is fairness in the workplace (Chapman, 2001). If one worker realizes that the manager favors a certain group of employees, they might feel demotivated to perform their task. The theory states that the boss should treat employees equally with fairness. Again, the level of the hard work of the employees should be equal to the way they are rewarded (Gagn Deci, 2005). For instance, the employer should give a reward which is equivalent to their input. At the same time, this behavior can encourage those employees who are not hitting their targets at the right time to work harder so as to impress the manager. I will develop my leadership knowledge by teaching my other business partners and leaders on how to lead in their organizations in the right way. I will also empower my employees and teach them on how to be good leaders since my organization allows employees to start something new on their own. Having realized that many organizations fail because of poor leadership styles, I will teach people about this style of transformational leadership in order for them to see whether their companies can have a change and grow positively. I will use my knowledge to encourage them to portray good leadership traits and lead by example in their firms. I will train them on how to be open-minded and introduce new ideas in their company in order for their employees to be challenged to work while meeting challenging goals. Additionally, since most leaders do not know how to motivate their workers, I will teach them how to motivate employees using rewards, promotions, and praises as I do in my organizati on. My developmental opportunities are in my organization and other businesses which I intend to start in future. I believe that I will be able to apply the knowledge gained in class practically when I start my new business. Notably, I believe that since I have gained a lot of knowledge in leadership studies, I can hold conferences and seminars to teach people about leadership because the style of leadership mostly manners in an organization. Additionally, my developmental opportunities are my employees, and therefore I should treat them in an appropriate manner so that they can use their knowledge and skills to improve my firm. Also, I believe in the power of rewards in an organization, and I hope to introduce more ways for rewarding employees whenever they perform their work and hit the organizations targets at the right time. I trust that my organization has not reached where I have always wanted, and I look forward to improving where it needs improvement by learning how to determine a qualified employee during interviews. I have always fallen into the trap of hiring employees who as less qualified my most of my interviews are question-answer interviews. My plan is to start interviews which involve practical skills. Additionally, I will introduce new methods of rewarding employees such as giving them free trips and bigger promotions. Conclusion In conclusion, learning new ideas can never stop since technology keeps on changing and I believe that after college I will still learn how to be a good leader through the internet. I will also be attending seminars which talks more about leadership in order to benefit my organization. Since I have learned about leadership in my class, I will use my knowledge by teaching my other business partners and leaders on how to lead in their organizations in the right way. I will also empower my employees and teach them on how to be good leaders since my organization allows employees to start something new on their own. My leadership definition has changed, and I can define leadership as a state of leading people using different leadership traits and styles. Being in leadership class has helped me to learn about the characteristics that leaders should have in order to serve people and lead them in the right direction. References Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., Griffith, J. A., Buckley, M. R. (2017). What works for you may not work for (Gen)Me: Limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation. Leadership Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.08.001 Anderson, M. H., Sun, P. Y. T. (2017). Reviewing Leadership Styles: Overlaps and the Need for a New Full-Range Theory. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19(1), 7696. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12082 Chapman, A. (2001). adams equity theory - workplace motivational theory - how individuals measure inputs and outcomes in relation to market norms and referents. Retrieved from https://www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm Gagn, M., Deci, E. L. (2005). Self-determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331362. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.322 Hoch, J. E., Pearce, C. L., Welzel, L. (2010). Is the Most Effective Team Leadership Shared? The Impact of Shared Leadership, Age Diversity, and Coordination on Team Performance. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(3), 105116. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000020 Hotez, P. J., Aksoy, S. (2017). Will a new 2017 global leadership commit to NTDs? PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005309 Inclusive leadership. (2017). Nursing Management. https://doi.org/10.7748/nm.24.3.12.s12 McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, Transformational, and Transactional Leadership and Leadership Development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.leedsmet.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edbAN=96783710site=eds-livescope=site Prestia, A. S. (2017). The art of leadership diplomacy. Nursing Management, 48(4), 5255. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000514068.76314.4d Raes, E., Decuyper, S., Lismont, B., van den Bossche, P., Kyndt, E., Demeyere, S., Dochy, F. (2013). Facilitating team learning through transformational leadership. Instructional Science, 41(2), 287305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-012-9228-3

Rap Vs Poetry Essay Paper Example For Students

Rap Vs Poetry Essay Paper What is hip hop? What are some of the common stereotypes and generalizations by which hip hop is conceived? Is it a music that is for only one group of people? Does hip hop promote violence and negativity? Many people claim that it is a disgraceful, meangless din. Antagonists often claim that hip hop is offensive to many groups of people. I will agree that unfortunately these are sometimes true with certain varieties of hip hop. The fact is that so many artists out there are in the industry simply for the love. These artists are not sellouts that are only in the industry for the money and fame. Also, there are many artists out there in the hip hop world that promote positivitAs time goes on hip hop culture is integrating many different racial and ethnic groups. It is now socially acceptable for people of all races to enjoy the many aspects of hip hop. Hip hop was spurred in the late 70s. The man credited as being the first rapper ever, DJ Afrika Bambataa, was the first to talk to his music. His unorthodox style quickly became very popular in the disco and funk clubs. For the lack of a better word,rap was the term given to the music. As more and more rappers came about, the term MC, or Master of Ceremonies, was associated with rappers. Break dancing actually originated a few years prior to DJ Afrika Bambataa. Break dancers (B-Boys and B-Girls), would dance during the breaks in the music while steady beats were played. Eventually rap and break dancing united and hip hop began. The area in which hip hop first became a popular music was the Bronx. The Bronx is often labeled as the birthplace of hip hop. In its early stages hip hop was mostly a black and hispanic thing. As hip hop has evolved over the past 20 some odd years its n base has dramatically broadened. Not only has its area of influence broadened, but the race and ethnicities of hip hop lovers have also. If you go to a hip hop concert nowadays you will almost always see a mixture of races. Groups such as A Tribe Called Quest, and The Roots welcome this ethnic mixing in their music. On the contrary, most gangster rappers do not promote this mixture. Thpreach about racial tension, therefore further distancing the posibility of tranquility between races. These negative gangster rappers are the problem with hip hop. Dont get me wrong; there is nothing wrong with telling about the injustices and harsh nditons of living in the city, but often it is taken too far. The best hip hop out there is whats called underground. Most rappers are underground at first. Unfortunately underground hip hop is not extremely prosperous. Mainstream artists differ from underground rappers because they are exposed to all of the faand luxuries provided by society. Many underground rappers become frustrated because of the lack of exposure. Too many of the most famous rappers cop out by making music that caters to the mainstream American consumers. All of a sudden they become toh, hard knock thugs; thus the name gangster rappers. This is the image that sells. Gangster rappers lyrics lack substance and meaning. The theme of their music becomes repetitive. All of their songs deal with and only with the following elements: sex, ugs, violence and racism. Mos Def and Talib Kweli are two very talented rappers who have stayed true to their underground roots while gaining stardom in the hip hop world. Their insightful lyrics reflect their intelligence. Their stories reflect everything from the day to day trbles of living in NYC to the troubled state of the world today. They rap about astronomy and the ancient faiths of Christianity and Islam. .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee , .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .postImageUrl , .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee , .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee:hover , .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee:visited , .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee:active { border:0!important; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee:active , .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94dcc8aa7d34f5f0a6c042486f1ab4ee:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Background of Circuit City Essay The beats they use also show the heavy influence that jazz has had on hip hop. They tend to not use hard, loud, motonous beats. Another group that shows its recognition for jazz is The Roots. Instead of a DJ who plays records, The Roots have a guitar player and a drummer. I can tell you from experience that having a drummer and a guitar player truely enhances their live performaes. The sudden sensation of white and asian rappers is concrete evidence that hip hop is rapidly integrating people of all races. Eminem, a white rapper from Detroit, has taken hip hop by storm. His hit single My Name Is has become extremely popular worldde. The Mountain Brothers are a fairly recent group of asian rappers from Philadelphia. In my opinion they have the potential to become one of the best groups in hip hop. Im sure that eventually they will hit the bigtime. I only hope that they will statrue to their roots and not sellout to the temptations of the music industry like many talented hip hop groups before them.

Success of Uber Transportation Service

Question: Describe about the Success of Uber for Transportation Service. Answer: Introduction Uber is an app based transportation service , which is started by the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB). Uber is not registered with any private agency. Over the last year Uber became a very successful ride sharing company. The recent valuation of Uber is considered to be $ 40 billion (SWOT analysis for UBER, 2015). Uber provides the car taxis, which are alternative of the other taxi services. It is based on the mobile app, which works specifically on the smart phones in order to book the passengers. LTFRB keeps the record of all the drivers and the vehicles in their database. Uber has come up with the most revolutionary way according to which the world moves. The success of Uber is dependent on its extraordinary transportation service that it provides to the customers. The riders and drivers are seamlessly connected with each other through the android app. Now people do not have to wait for Taxi, they just have to book an Uber vehicle to reach their destinations. All the cities where Uber operates became more accessible, which has opened up more possibility for the riders and more business for the drivers (SWOT analysis for UBER, 2015). The global presence of Uber is rapidly increasing and continues to bring people closer. The essay will discuss the reasons behind the success of Uber and why people decide to take Uber instead of a taxi. Paper will also discuss the risks and challenges that Uber could face and how Uber can improve its services. Why Uber is Successful? The taxicab service was meant to provide the easy travel solution to the public and working class people , who had very limited options in public transportation. The purpose of taxicabs was for the people, who wanted to ride in style without driving by them. The taxicab service became popular in the 1800s in the city of New York. This trend started to become more popular with the development in the automobile industry. People got the opportunity to loan a vehicle and started creating competition for the buggy industry, and taxicabs became successful in doing so. The completion increased over time and many taxicab services joined the completion. This is the reason, for which Uber was launched in the year 2009 in San Francisco. The company started using the license holder taxi drivers for their comfortable ride sharing service. Uber is a widely known application in Asia and Phillipines. This transportation services is actively used by the people and mainly by the young riders. It is mainly appreciated by young generation due to the convenience it provides, safety reasons and better price with good service (SWOT analysis for UBER, 2015). The main success of the Uber is associated its user friendly android app. The passengers do not have to wait on the road side to grab a taxi, because they can easily book a comfortable Uber vehicle by making few taps on their phone. Since, smart phones are commonly used by the young generation, thus, Uber is more effectively used by young people. The cities are becoming more accessible for the passengers. The drivers are also generating more business due to the quick and effective service. This is the reason that global business of Uber is rapidly expanding, and Uber has expanded its business in country like India. People prefer to book Uber taxis because their good frequency and availability. Uber has imposed a great challenge and competition to the conventional taxi services, as its fair price is too low than conventional services. Uber is becoming the first choice for the riders in many countries. It cannot be said that it is unfair for other conventional taxi services, because passengers have the choice to choose between Uber and other services. It is just the matter of switching over from one service to another. Uber de-monopolized the taxi services in many big cities of the world and reinvented the business. The success of Uber lies in the comfortable and affordable services. People choose the service, which is more affordable and more comfortable at justified price. In the world, where there is competition in every field, Uber is doing its business is not wrong. Uber is competiting with other conventional services to make its place in the competitive world. People often go to malls and grocery stores and look over the price of the products. The products, which are beneficial and low in price, are choose by the customers. This is the reason, why Uber is opted over other rides. Basically, the supplies in the market are added according to the market demands and demands of the consumers (David, 2015). Thus, the same role is being played by Uber. The dynamic business environment is always filled with completion. The world market can be considered as the free market with equal opportunities for everyone (Dubovik, Janssen, 2012). Uber is breaking the conventional form of transportation and adding to a new service in the public transport. Uber became the problem solver for the public, this mainly because the purpose of the service was to provide the rides to the people, who need taxicabs at affordable prices. Uber is successful because it changed the structure of the taxi services and gaining more reputation for the industry. Uber provide clean rides, with quality customer experience and also accepted payment in different forms. The system provided by Uber is more customers oriented, where customers are allowed to track the vehicle when the vehicle is on its way. It makes the process of waiting for the ride easy. The competition that Uber gives to other taxi services is oligopolistic (Ritz, Corchon, Marini, 2016), where the ch oice depends upon the customers. Such competition is very effective, as it allows the customer to make independent choices, after knowing the price of different products or services (Dubovik, Janssen, 2012). People use the service, which find is more comfortable and good for them. Thus, Uber is by the people despite the price and options, which they have, and thus the success of Uber is visible. In the free market everyone has the rights to operate freely and to work against each other (Tomasi, 2012). Another success mantra of Uber is that its easily accessible and user friendly app allows the customers to get the detailed information about the taxi number, name of the driver, phone number and estimated arrival time. Uber also provides the service of the private car with cashless payments. The private car service is offered to the customers with a private chauffer as well (Wirtz, Tang, 2016). Thus, success of Uber depends upon various factors associated with easy app, driver details, clean ride, comfortable cars, affordable price and different payment options. What makes people decide to take uber over local taxi? People find Uber to be more beneficial than other local taxi services because of its easy booking and accessibility. In the current time, every young men or women have smart phones. Such phones can be very beneficial to download the Uber App. The app is very user friendly and consumes very few mega bytes on the phone. The people decide to take Uber than other taxi services, because they do not have to wait for long time to get a ride. The frequency of the Uber cabs is very good, and Uber is available in all most all the corners of the city at any time of the day (Wirtz, Tang, 2016). The Uber cab rides also offer the discount coupons, promos and discount codes, which can be used by the customers, as well as can be shared with friends and family. The discount codes can be used to get discount on at least two rides (Uber vs GrabCar: The Benefits of Ride-Sharing Services in the Metro, 2015). Another reason for which people have enhanced the use of Uber is the Word of mouth. Uber started providing free rides, discounts and special private services. Due to this, people started sharing the information with their friends and family members. The tech community of the Uber, also use the social networking sites like FaceBook and Twitter to spread the word about their services and benefits that people can get. The business of Uber grew significantly, as people started appreciating their services. The friendly and quality experience offered by Uber, impressed people and encouraged them to use their service more and more. Thus, people use Uber more than conventional taxi service or any other cab services. Uber came up as the new came up as the new way of personal transportation. The cities, which are highly crowded and travelling in the public transports, become very difficult; Uber provided comfortable rides. The company provided the opportunity of personalization to form the customer value (Wallsten, 2015). People decide to take Uber over taxi is because Uber is able to handle variety and volume. The availability of the car is made according to the needs of the customers. If the customer is alone, than they can opt for mini cars, and if they are travelling with friends and family, they can opt for sedan cars or SUV. Uber started operating in over 60 countries and displayed its strong presence in Pacific and Asian region. The cars used by the drivers are from year 2000 or newer, which makes the ride more comfortable and safe. The Uber Pool allows the people to share their ride and split the cost. Uber provided every option that could make peoples local travel more comfortable and saf e. What are potential risks or challenges that Uber is or could be facing? Some of the risk and challenges that could be faced by Uber are that the business model of the Uber is very simple. It works on the app which connects the passenger seeking rides with the company. The milage based fees is taken from the passengers, from which Uber takes its percentage and gives the remaining to the drivers. The ride-sharing is described by the Uber, however, it is considered as the misnomer, where noting is being shared. According to in Robert Nozicks memorable phrase, the app service offered by Uber enables capitalist acts between consenting adults (Nozick, 2013). It is also seen that Uber is very aggressive towards creating the competition and also disregards many norms according to its comfort and convenience. The success of the Uber is just based on the regulatory arbitrage. It is also breaking the Taxi regulation of the Monopoly rent, due to which it is being opposed in Malaysia. The price is being kept artificially low to gain success in the market. Another challenge that Uber can face is because of its claim that its drivers are the independent contractors. Some of the drivers are concern about it because they will not receive insurances, workers compensation and company do not have to Pay Social Security taxes (Azevedo Maciejewski, 2015). However the case is different as the drivers are not completely the independent contractors, but company is saving its costs through this claim. But, according the case going the California courts against Uber, if the Uber drivers are declared as the employees of Uber, company would be forced to pay either minimum wages to the drivers or it may have to stop operating in California (Rogers, 2015). This will decrease the business revenue for Uber. Another challenge that Uber can face is related to taxes. This challenge or risk is related to employer-employee relationship. If the government in the operating countries dismisses Uber as Technology Company than entire ride payment will be considered as the revenue and Uber will have to pay city and state taxes (Page, 2015). The international expansion of the Uber comes with their own risks. If the company is opposed by the government in international market, company may face the risk of losing drivers or it would become hard to find drivers (Page, 2015). How can Uber improve its service / business? The efficient and innovative use of the technology is the main benefit for Uber. In the competitive marketplace, the firms which are able to develop strategically flexible organizations can earn great benefits. The Uber can remain to get success in the market, if it is able to reduce the Driver downtime. The speed on the route is well in the Uber service, but the poick up speed is relatively slow. Uber is not able to provide the scheduled pickups yet. If it is able to make the scheduled pick up for the drivers, it would be beneficial. Sometimes the passenger like to book the ride in advance, but Uber does not provide the option of rebooking (Viray, 2015). Pre booking option can be beneficial for the passengers, who are heading for a meeting, or to airport. Such passengers will be benefitted if they can get their cab ready outside as soon as they reach instead of coming out of the airport and then book their ride. Another problem is that company does not have a strong relationship with the customers. The Uber app is connected with the phone, but do not provide promotional information on mails. Uber may try to enhance their relationship with their customers to remain valuable in the coming competitions in market. The ethical relationship of Uber with its drivers is still questionable? The loyalty between the company and drivers is still low. Company should focus on improving the relationship with drivers, by providing those perks and benefits. Also, the business model of Uber is very unpredictable, which may raise the questions about the privacy of the customers. Conclusion Paper discussed the public transport company, Uber. Uber is a very popular taxi cab service, which is operating in many countries over the globe. The company stated in the year 2009 and in a very short span of time, company gained huge success. The success of uber is based on various factors, which made it successful and popular among the customers. Uber provides the comfortable and timely rides to the customers. The company works through an android app, which can be easily downloaded to the smart phones. Most of the Uber app users are the young people, who just have to use few taps on the phone to get a cab. Uber increased the accessibility for the customers and also the comfortable local travels. Uber is very popular and successful than other conventional taxi services because it provide shared rides, discounts and different payment options for easily travelling. Paper discussed the factors hidden behind the success of Uber. Uber provides the competition in the free market and has also raised a big threat to the conventional taxi services. But, customers have the choice of opt between Uber and other services. Uber is also gone through some legal troubles in Germany and California, but such leagl troubles can be faced if Uber make some changes in technique and functioning. Uber is also successful due to the large number of drivers and cars, which makes the Uber frequency very effective, and passengers do not have to wait for long time to get a ride. But, Google cars could be a big threat for Uber in future. References Azevedo, F., Maciejewski, M. (2015). Social Economic and Legal Consequences of Uber and Similar Transportation Network Companies (TNC).Briefing, European Parliament. Dubovik, A., Janssen, M. C. (2012). Oligopolistic competition in price and quality.Games and Economic Behavior,75(1), 120-138. Gruel, W., Piller, F. (2016). A new vision for personal transportation. Nozick, R. (2013).Anarchy, state, and utopia. Basic books. Page, V. (2015). 4 Challenges Uber Will Face In The Next Years. Retrieved from: https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/072215/4-challenges-uber-will-face-next-years.asp Ritz, R., Corchon, L., Marini, M. (2016). Oligopolistic competition and welfare.Handbook of Game Theory Industrial Organization, Edward Elgar. Rogers, B. (2015). The social costs of Uber.University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue, Forthcoming. SWOT analysis for UBER. (2015). Retrieved from: https://pestleanalysis.com/swot-analysis-for-uber/ Tomasi, J. (2012).Free market fairness. Princeton University Press. Uber vs GrabCar: The Benefits of Ride-Sharing Services in the Metro. (2015, August 28). Retrieved from eCompareMo: https://www.ecomparemo.com/info/uber-vs-grabcar-the-benefits-of-ride-sharing-services-in-the-metro/ Viray, P. L. (2015, December 4). Court suspends Uber, GrabCar operations. (P. Magno, Editor) Retrieved from Philstar: https://www.philstar.com:8080/nation/2015/12/04/1528956/court-suspends-uber-grabcar-operations Wallsten, S. (2015). The competitive effects of the sharing economy: how is Uber changing taxis?.Technology Policy Institute. Wirtz, J., Tang, C. (2016). Uber: Competing as Market Leader in the US versus Being a Distant Second in China. InSERVICES MARKETING: People Technology Strategy(pp. 626-632).

Incomplete Contracts Essay Example

Incomplete Contracts Essay Milgrom and Roberts highlight at the end of the paper possible directions that study into the economic theory of the firm should take: A. Incomplete Contracts: relational contracts are only one way of replacing traditional formal long hand contracts. Another possibility is frequent short-term contracts that constantly change as conditions dictate. These short-term complete contracts can cover a surprisingly large array of conditions and therefore the cost of such contacts not the limitations of the contracts that are the associated market cost. However, the costs associated with the constant updating of such contracts can be greater than one long-term contract. In addition, they may not hold if monetary incentives are of limited effectiveness or asymmetric information at the time of renegotiation prevents the smooth negotiation of an efficient agreement. Milgrom and Roberts propose further investigation into short-term contracting and its limitations. B. Bargaining Theory: recent attempts have been made to understand the inefficiencies of bargaining resulting from asymmetric information. However, this has been limited to trying to develop appropriate equilibrium concepts and proving existence. Suggestions are made that future study should focus on an understanding of the relative efficiencies of bargaining in different contexts. C. Reputations: As discussed earlier firms will attempt alleviate opportunism by way of reputation. They may forgo reputation with one customer to necessitate better future transactions in the future. A focus of future study could be how reputations are formed, used, and lost. D. We will write a custom essay sample on Incomplete Contracts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Incomplete Contracts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Incomplete Contracts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Influence Activities and Rent Seeking: Popular economic theory shows that government intervention in an economy causes inefficiencies. This has been extended to analyse the diseconomies resulting from centralisation of authority in firms. This seems to warrant a branch into two directions. Firstly, to further analyse the theory of influence in the firm. Secondly, to further investigate rent seeking in markets, courtrooms and boardrooms. E. Ownership, Residual Returns or Residual Rights: Further study is warranted on the issue of organisational ownership. Refining the definitions of what ownership means and whether that meaning is situation dependant could answer many questions from corporate take-overs to employment practices. F. Adapting to Uncertainty: Galbraith (1977) formulated ideas relating to organisational design. He posited that an organisations design related to the allowance of adapting to uncertainty in its environment. They can adapt by processing more information (vertical and lateral communication systems) or by reducing the need to process information (environmental management, creation of slack resources and creation of self contained resources). This framework opens up the possibility of looking into price theoretic changes in organisational form and showing the optimal mix of the above adaptations. G. Planning and Budgeting: Iterative planning, more specifically relating to the nature of communication needed in the price system economisation in the planning and control processes. Considering the massive resource allocation in planning and budgeting in many firms, it seems that this area requires further investigation. Question 2 C Describes the theories of corporate culture presented in Hermalin (1999). Hermalin in his article on theories of corporate culture critically analyses the work of four other economists on the subject of culture in firms. He attempts to show how culture can be incorporated into economic theory and aid existing theory in explaining firms capabilities and performance. The four economists that he analyses are Kreps, Cremer, Hodgson and Lazear. Often economists dismiss culture when analysing firms or industries but Hermalin believes it is something that is worthy of study and something that can aid existing economic theory and empirical evidence. KREPS (1990) Kreps believes that fundamental understanding of corporate culture is necessary for understanding how firms implement strategy. He also believes that economists are now suitably armed to study culture and presents the reader with the outline of theory thus far. The first analysis is on Kreps model first introduced in 1990. In his model, Kreps presents many examples and theories surrounding organizational behaviour. Kreps believes there are a few main ingredients that are built into corporate culture. The first is Formal Contracts. Kreps shows that formal contracts can be too costly and in many cases given all the different contingencies are unfeasible. The second is the fact that firms are repeat players. Formal contracts are one way to induce play between two players that would otherwise not engage and the other is repeat play. Any deviation from fair play in one period can be punished by non-cooperation in the next period. A necessary condition of this is one of the players being able to play in multiple periods. Companies and their bosses are by necessity are multiple period players and therefore repeat play is a way of non-formalization by contracts. Hermalin recognizes that these factors including formal contracts and repeated play go a long way to describe, predict and analyse the behaviour of firms and their respective employees both junior and senior. However, more importantly, he manages to identify two factors that actually introduce culture into the equation. These are Multiple Equilibriums and Unforeseen Contingencies. Multiple equilibriums is simply recognition that repeated games have many stable outcomes and some co-ordination of players choices is needed as to which equilibrium prevails. Kreps presents a two player two possibility game where a junior and senior of a particular firm are involved and analyses how corporate culture can affect each players decision-making and therefore possible outcomes. He first looks at the cultural norm of juniors deferring to seniors. If no such culture exists, it would be impossible for us or the players involved to predict the decisions or outcomes in such a game and therefore the culture reduces the risk of the potentially disastrous situation. Culture increases the predictability of the players actions. Hermalin highlights that contracts can be used to formalise decisions but as these can ultimately be more costly than culture, and in many ways could be unverifiable, they are in fact mostly unfeasible. Multiple equilibriums can therefore provide a role for cultural norms to replace the need for formal contracting. Unforeseeable contingencies are then brought into play. Again, these are, in the majority uncontractable and the writing and rewriting of these contracts will be too costly. Nevertheless, a culture of juniors deferring to seniors could possibly rule out the disastrous consequences of either no culture or hostile play. It must be noted that culture can go some way to eliminate these unfavourable consequences of unforeseen contingencies it by no means guarantees the optimal equilibrium. Kreps shows that these unforeseen contingencies add some flavour to the debate surrounding culture and hints that multiple equilibriums are the only prerequisite for the appearance of an influential culture. Hermalin goes on to discuss cultural difference in companies from differing countries in the same industry. He uses the example from Okuno-Fujiwara (1994) and Morita (1998). This shows that American firms and Japanese firms in the same industry faced with the same multiple equilibriums may choose different outcomes dependant on their different culture. This is an example of national culture but it is something that will definitely have an affect on corporate culture. This raises the large issue of actually where corporate culture comes from. Do firms rely on incorporation of national culture or do they foster their own? Creating this culture is costly and it can be seen that firms often rely on prevailing national cultures, which seem, on the surface, to be very weak, in fact have large consequences for the behavioral decisions of its employees. Hermalin then talks about Kreps work in terms of unforeseen contingencies unrelated to multiple equilibriums that he sees as the basis of his work. He summarizes Kreps work by stating that repeated play in a game could be a substitute for contracting. Repeated play is a less costly way of introducing cooperative behavior and is in fact not a perfect substitute but in most cases infinitely more desirable. This is unrelated to culture however, culture is related to the actions or decisions that employees make in these repeated games. Simply if analyzing as Kreps does what constitutes fair treatment or exploitation by managers/bosses then culture will be the benchmark by which that is calculated or measured. It also goes further to measure or show what constitutes cooperative play in Kreps game and the future rewards/future cooperation associated with this as well as non-cooperative play and the associated punishments/ withholding of future cooperation. Therefore culture ultimately rules out all unforeseen contingencies ex ante or substitutes for them. So Kreps essentially has two theories relating to culture. Firstly that culture ensures coordination in repeated games. The actual outcome is essentially irrelevant it is just that there is coordination as the cultural environment that the players are in dictates this. Secondly that it substitutes for unforeseen contingencies ex ante as analysis and contaractualising these would prove too costly and ultimately unfeasible.