American US Alignment Free Essays

This research essay looks at the Latin American alignment with United States in the post cold-war era. Latin America has been associated with Soviet Union from the 1960s until the 1980s. Thus we will take a look on patterns in which US alignment has taken, taking in consideration political economic military and cultural connections. We will write a custom essay sample on American US Alignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The essay illustrates factors reinforcing and causing tension for US-Latin America connection. Further will take look at the nature and extent of Latin America shift to leftward in the past decade as well as discuss the emerging alliances. From the findings it can be noted that United States hegemonic and coercive control transited to partnership and cooperation as a result of changes in the international system and limited resources of the United States. The factors contributing to this alignment include natural and human resources of Latin America; geophysical proximity and scarcity of resources in the world. It is concluded that this alignment have both beneficial and side effects to both involved. PATTERNS OF LATIN AMERICAN-US ALIGNMENT IN THE POST COLD-WAR ERA, CONSIDERING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, MILITARY AND CULTURAL CONNECTIONS According to Klaveren (1992) Latin America has been viewed as a marginalized and abandoned continent. It has had little or distant influence on global politics due its geo-physical isolation. The region has been relatively been calm except during the Central American crisis of the 1980s. Klaveren (1992) elaborates that although Latin America has been peaceful externally it has had a history of internal conflicts in which foreign countries have not been involved except the United States. Due to interdependence and emergence of new rules in the global arena, there has been a change in redefinition of security concept. The United States redefines it in terms of drug trafficking, environmental protection and migration flow (Klaveren, 1992, p.29). Klaveren (1992) notes that geographical, cultural and political proximity of Latin America to US makes it player in supply of specialized and non-specialized labor to the aging population of United States. As a result they alleviate labor shortage to the later and aggravate brain drain in the former (Klaveren, 1992, p.30). Latin America has had good political ties and values with United States for a long time since World War 2. However there has been shortcoming in relation to human rights violation and democracy (Klaveren, 1992, 30). Economically Latin America trades with United States on several commodities, whereby the U.S. is a major market for Latin America motor vehicle parts, capital commodities and agricultural products (Klaveren, 1992, 27). There have been cultural ties between the U.S. and Latin America. Currently there is an influx of migrants from Latin America. They are progressively becoming large population in the U.S., which definitely has effect on U.S. life (Klaveren, 1992, 30). FACTORS THAT REINFORCE AND CAUSE TENSIONS IN THE LATIN AMERICAN CONNECTIONS WITH THE US Latin America possesses vast natural resources, for instance, Brazil is ranked among 10 top most powerful economies of the world while Mexico is in the second lot (Klaveren, 1992, 26). Latin America is endowed with mineral resources such as oil that is critical to world economy. Since Latin America has relatively developed industrial sector it is able to exports products to U.S. with the likes of Brazil and Mexico. More so, because of geo-physical proximity to U.S. they are able to supply specialized and non-specialized work force to them (Klaveren, 1992, 26). On the other hand a couple of factors cause tension with the U.S. one being the diversification of Latin American economies with inclusion of Japan and other developing countries. The lack of effective security measures in Latin America brings into fore the security concerns of U.S. with the increase of drug trafficking and proliferation of small arm (Klaveren, 1992, 26). THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF LATIN AMERICA’S SHIFT LEFTWARD OVER THE PAST DECADE. Latin America was formerly under American system from early 1960s but due to changes in the global economy it has moved from â€Å"natural segmentation to institutional integration based on geographic specialization† and has created their own niche so as to offer specialized services to the receiving end of the technological flow (Klaveren, 1992, 22, 27). Since the end of cold war, the influence of Soviet Union to Latin America  Ã‚   has declined. This resulted to difference in structural institutions of Latin America. For instance Brazil and Columbia had different positions on the liberalization of services in Uruguay Round (Klaveren, 1992, 39). Also, Klaveren (1992) notes that Brazil and Chile developed different alternatives to solve debt crisis after the 1980s Central American crisis. This gives us the complexity nature of Latin America in the post cold war era. The internal issues are as different as is the external. Therefore, only a collective action based on concrete and common interest (Klaveren, 1992, 39). Latin America internal issue could only be dealt on specific case by case and by sector to sector. This is observed when looking at how in the UN General Assembly, Latin America votes with other developing countries or in the third world. However, there is differentiation within the Third World countries that could make variation in the pattern of how Latin America will play in global power (Klaveren, 1992, 39). A number of challenges are yet to be tackled by Latin America such as â€Å"pleas for solidarity and just international order† which will seem to be unnoticed and changes in the international system will have a direct and long term effect on Latin America (Klaveren, 1992, 41). Thus the influence of the region to international system will depend on specific strategies, internal, economic and political environment in which the strategies will be based upon (Klaveren, 1992, 41). Each country will have to mobilize economic, political and strategic resources so as to impact the global system otherwise they will be isolated (Klaveren, 1992, 41). The individual country foreign policy must adapt to changing international system and that scarcity of resources demands careful and selective decisions on approaches and choices to make (Klaveren, 1992, 41). It is worth noting that although sound external strategies are good; they must be backed with domestic conditions for them to flourish (Klaveren, 1992, 41). THE EMERGING REALIGNMENT BETWEEN THE US AND LATIN AMERICA AND WITHIN THE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES The new emergence in realignment comes in the wake of global changes and the different administration of the US over time. Varas (1992) explain that the gradual integration of Canada, Mexico and some Caribbean economies in the North American geo-economics space led to erosion of single Latin American region. The post Latin American will be characterized with sub region system with different economic, political and strategic weight. There foreign policy, he adds, that was once useful for hegemonic alliance is now obsolete and new paradigm is necessary to address regional and international changes (Varas, 1992, p.48). Within the Latin American countries should use broad based approach, which takes account of political, economic and cultural orientations.   The United States have now transited from a hegemonic and coercive control to partnership and cooperation control. In this regard, according to Varas (1992) the U.S. was no longer  Ã‚   dominant in the international system as well as had limited resources to control and support the hemispheric countries. Thus policies of free trade and decision-making were determined bilaterally in this new system. While the Latin America was agitating for liberalized world trade the U.S., advocated for open trade and cooperative approaches to international problems such as weapon proliferation, terrorism, international violence and environmental degradation (Varas, 1992, 51). The U.S. cooperation with Latin America is on security matters where it seeks to establish credible defense systems, which are effective in peaceful conflict resolution (Varas, 1992, 56). The U.S. is also helping to strengthen democratic institutions and human rights although democracy is still elusive (Varas, 1992, 67). More so U.S. is strengthening its ties with Latin America on socioeconomic issues, especially when considering immigrants to US. CONCLUSION The long-term effect of these developments will not lack the merits and limitation for either side. To the U.S. they will be consolidating their presence in Latin America and use low cost measures in ensuring security to its nationals especially when dealing with drug trafficking, greenhouse effect, terrorism and global violence. However, this is threatened by the increasing immigrants from Latin America to U.S. The U.S. will have to depend on immigrants for labor because of its low fertility rate and aging population. The Latin America will suffer brain drain although such scenario would provide employment opportunities for its emigrants. The Latin American countries will definitely have economy growth due to direct foreign investment, just international trade and transfer of technology. The emergence of new developed economies like Japan, China Korea and Taiwan add to long-term effects to Latin America. REFERENCE Klaveren, A. (1992). L. America international system. In   J. Hartlyn, L. Schoultz, A. Varas. (Eds.). The US Latin America in the 1990s and beyond (pp. 22-41). Latin America. UNC Press Varas, A. (1992). From coercion to partnership: a new paradigm for security cooperation in the Northern Hemisphere. In J. Hartlyn, L. Schoultz, A. Varas. (Eds.).   United States and L.   America. (pp. 48-67). Latin America. UNC Press. How to cite American US Alignment, Essay examples

General Electric Case Analysis free essay sample

GE used to prefer acquisitions or Greenfield ventures as an entry mode rather than joint ventures. Why do you think this was the case? According to our textbook, a firm can establish a wholly owned subsidiary in a country by building a subsidiary from the ground up, the so-called Greenfield strategy, or by acquiring an enterprise in the target market. Acquisitions have three major points in their favor. First, they are quick to execute. By acquiring an established enterprise, a firm can rapidly build its presence in the target foreign market. Second, in many cases firms make acquisitions to preempt their competitors. Third, managers may believe acquisitions to be less risky than Greenfield ventures. When a firm makes an acquisition, it buys a set of assets that are producing a known revenue and profit stream. On the other hand, the big advantage of establishing a Greenfield venture in a foreign country is that it gives the firm a much greater ability to build the kind of subsidiary company that it wants. For example, it is much easier to build an organization culture from scratch than it is to change the culture of an acquired unit. Why do you think that GE has come to prefer joint ventures in recent years? Do you think that the global economic crisis of 2008–2009 might have affected this preference in any way? If so, how? GE now sees joint ventures as a great way to dip its toe into foreign markets where it lacks local knowledge. Also, in certain nations, China being an example, economic, political, legal, and cultural considerations make joint ventures an easier option than either acquisitions or greenfield ventures. GE believes it can often benefit from the political contacts, local expertise, and business relationships that the local partner brings to the table, to say nothing of the fact that in certain sectors of the Chinese economy and some others, local laws prohibit other entry modes. GE also sees joint ventures as a good way to share the risk of building a business in a nation where it lacks local knowledge. Finally, under the leadership of CEO Jeffrey Immelt, GE has adopted aggressive growth goals, and it feels that entering via joint ventures into nations where it lacks a presence is the only way of attaining these goals. Fueled by its large number of joint ventures, GE has rapidly expanded its international presence over the past decade. For the first time, in 2007 the company derived the majority of its revenue from foreign operations. A joint venture entails establishing a firm that is jointly owned by two or more otherwise independent firms. Joint ventures have a number of advantages. First, a firm benefits from a local partner’s knowledge of the host country’s competitive conditions, culture, language, political systems, and business systems. Second, when the development costs and/or risks of opening a foreign market are high, a firm might gain by sharing these costs and or risks with a local partner. Third, in many countries, political considerations make joint ventures the only feasible entry mode. I do think that the global economic crisis of 2008-2009 might gave affected this preference. In 2009, only 22% of all FDI inflows had been in the form of mergers and acquisitions which were reflected of the global economic crisis, which depresses equity values worldwide and made cross-border mergers and acquisitions less attractive as an entry mode. In the midst of the global economic crisis, the fact that joint ventures risks are shared among the partners is one factor that made joint ventures a preference. 3. What are the risks that GE must assume when it enters into a joint venture? Is there any way for GE to reduce these risks? First, as with licensing, a firm that enters into a joint venture risks giving control of its technology to its partner. However, joint-venture agreements can be constructed to minimize this risk. One option is to hold majority ownership in the venture. This allows the dominant partner to exercise greater control over its technology. But it can be difficult to find a foreign partner who is willing to settle for minority ownership and GE’s agreements normally give even the minority partner in a joint venture veto power over major strategic decisions, and control issues can scuttle some ventures. However, another option is to â€Å"wall off† from a partner technology that is central to the core competence of the firm, while sharing other technology. 4. The case mentions that GE has a well-earned reputation for being a good partner. What are the likely benefits of this reputation to GE? If GE were to tarnish its reputation by, for example, opportunistically taking advantage of a partner, how might this impact the company going forward? According to the text, GE is well known for its innovative management techniques and excellent management development programs. Many partners are only too happy to team up with GE to get access to this know-how. The likely benefits of this reputation to GE is that the company builds trust in the market, and looking like an attractive partner which GE can then access knowledge about local markets, driving profits up. If GE were to tarnish its reputation, the company would not look attractive to partners, therefore the company would have a hard time finding other businesses to enter into a joint venture. Also, the value of GE would deteriorate with the lack of trust from other businesses, which could lead to lack of trust of consumers.

System Sciences in Healthcare-Free-Samples-Myassignementhelp.com

Question: Analyse the Case Study provided - Evacuate or Stay? Northshore LIJ and Hurricane Sandy and write a report using the attached Writing a case study response as a guide. Answer: Introduction Emergency situations can be at the operation theatre or a patient admitted with medical case that needs to be treated urgently. Whereas, there are other emergencies also that arise due to natural calamity. Natural calamities like severe storms, hurricanes often devastate places that lay on their path. Hence, an important question looms over the hospital Authorities whether to evacuate or to stay. Staying is not always the best option while evacuating needs a whole lot of cooperation and coordination of the hospital staffs, nurses and the doctors. If the evacuation procedure is not done correctly, then it can jeopardize several valuable lives, which includes not only the patients but also the hospital staff, nurses and the doctors. The case study is based on emergency responses arising due to natural calamity like hurricane and how the hospital authority must tackle the emergency situation. The problems that arise due to natural calamities include relocation of the patients, the huge burden of relocation the patients rely on the hospital authorities and the proper coordination and cooperation of the hospital staffs, nurses and the doctors. Hence, another problem is that if the hospital staffs, nurses and the doctors do not coordinate and cooperate properly then it might lead to escalation of health issues and even the valuable lives of the patients can be at jeopardy. Description Low lying areas or the coastal areas are the major vulnerable regions that get affected badly due to natural calamities or hazards like hurricanes. Along with such vulnerabilities, the presence of hospitals and health care centers in such areas even worsens the situation. Several issues like the patient safety, timely relocation of all the patients and even minimizing assets loses are the major issues which make the hospital authorities to contemplate. similarly, same kind of issue arose on August 2011, hurricane named Irene wreak havoc on the East coast of New York City. Forecaster even predicted the path of the hurricane Irene, and accordingly the New York city Authorities evacuated the low lying areas and the coastal communities. North shore long Island Jewish Hospitals (North shore LIJ) had 15 hospitals in the long island and According to the predictions of the forecasters the hospitals were located in the low lying areas and thus were at risk of flooding and severe storm. Likewi se, the North Shore LIJ hospital authorities on 24th august 2011 relocated all the 947 patients to other hospitals further inland. However, the hurricane Irene lost its strength and the greater New York was left unscathed. It is needless to say, the relocation of the 947 patients was an unnecessary step (1). Although there were no negative consequences, the experience gained from the exercise made the north Shore LIJ vice president of the protective services and the chief operating officer to take in to account the pros and the cons of relocation of patients during such extreme weather events. After around 14 months, an almost same event occurred, the North Shore LIJ was again under the radar of another hurricane named Sandy. The hurricane Sandy already devastated a big portion of the Caribbean islands, thus risk looms over the North Shore LIJ, whether the hospital Authority should evacuate the hospital or stay. Discussion Issues and its implication on different stakeholders Previously, the hurricane Irene did not affect and wreaked any damage to the hospital because Irene lost its strength, but before the hurricane Irene lost its strength, the hospital authorities made an important decision of relocating all the 947 patients from the hospital to further inland. Hence, the hospital authorities contemplating that the decision of relocating the patient was not right (1). The main issue that now looms over the North Shore LIJ is the another incidence hurricane named Sandy which can wreak havoc upon the coastal areas of New York City. The prime stake holders according to the present situation are the North Shore LIJ hospital, the patients, the hospital staffs and the doctors, James Romagnoli (vice president of protective services), Mark Solazzo (Chief operating officer) (1). Thus, the major question that is looming over both James Romagnoli and Mark Solazzo is should they relocate the patients again considering the hurricane Sandy or should they stay back. The major implications on the different stakeholder can be assessed as follows: The patients- leaving the patients in to the hands of the devastating Hurricane Sandy can be fatal, whereas the shifting the patients far into the inner parts of the city will be uncomfortable for the majority of the patients (2). The North Shore LIJ hospital- relocating the patients is a costly affair, the hospital authorities have done it before, but doing the same again can put a strain on to finances of the hospital. James Romagnoli Mark Solazzo- the vice president of protective services and the chief operating officer respectively are the have got the experiences of relocating the patients previously. Thus the responsibility of patients safety and the procedures to be followed are on both these officials. Whatever decision they will take will directly affect the patients and the hospital staffs and doctors. The hospital staffs and the doctors- relocating 947 patients from one location to another is a cumbersome job. It needs good coordination of the staff, nurses and the doctors. Hence, it will test their abilities again (2). Issues and linkage with academic researches The first major issue is relocation of the patients- the relocation of the patients to a different hospital due to an emergency of natural calamity is a laborious and cumbersome job both affecting the patients mental and physical state. A hospital has several kinds of patients ranging from disabled to patients receiving the intensive care. Even to turn the bed or using a toilet makes relocation task a very delicate and complex issue. Shifting a disabled patient requires manually to handle the patient and shifting the patient to a wheelchair while a bedridden patient can be shifted only by shifting the patient to a stretcher (3). While shifting a patient who is receiving intensive care needs to be done with outmost caution and care, while several complications include changing site of the vascular catheters, sedation management, carefully scheduling the procedures (4). The 3-5% of patients are the high risk patients and the rising risk patient includes 20-30% while the majority are th e low risk patients which include a whopping 70%. Hence, to deal with the care of the high risk patients, each of these patient must have one assigned doctor to monitor the patient continuously or can be monitored remotely through artificial intelligence, hence moving such patient requires the most attention (5). Secondly, the rising risk patients do not need to be assessed by individual doctors but care must be taken so that such rising risk patient do not escalate to high risk. Rising to high risk can again spell problems for both the patient and the doctors that increase the complexity of the case (6). Lastly, the low risk patient forms the majority of the patients, thus managing these patients requires planning and proper cooperation and execution of the same between the staffs and the nurses (7). Suggestions Regarding the issue of evacuation or stay. It can be suggested that evacuation can be done on a priority basis. Strong hurricanes can disrupt the power supply, hampering the patients that are under the intensive care. Hence, such patients must be relocated first and the patients that can be categorized as low risk patients (7), such patients can be kept in the hospital to minimize the complications. Because a large number of patients fall under this low risk category and relocating such patients both includes huge finances and larger staff cooperation. The location of hospitals is vital for both the communities that are getting benefitted, however hospitals should not be built near the coastal areas that are prone to strong hurricanes (8). Such step will minimize asset loses that arise due to devastating storms and hurricanes. The hospitals staffs, doctors and the nurses must be trained to deal with emergencies arising due to storms and hurricanes. Storm and hurricanes arrive before several days. Hence the hospital staffs can stay prepared to handle such situations. Hospitals within the vicinity of storms and hurricanes can set up mock drills that can help the staffs to prepare for the emergencies (9). Also workshops and seminars can be organized that will emphasize on the emergency preparedness and adaptability of the hospital staffs with regard to emergencies. Providing effective training to the staffs is not enough unless the same is given to the patients as well. Research shows that relocating patients affect them mentally, hence, mentally preparing the patients by training them to understand that the relocation is for their own benefit can yield fruitful results (10). Evaluation of the suggestion based upon the selected case According to this case, all the solutions suggested above is applicable. The previous attempt of relocating patient went well with negative outcomes and even the hurricane Irene lost its strength. Hence, the attempt although successful, was needless and unnecessary. Whereas, this argument is only put forward after the storm got weakened, but before the storm was predicted by the National Weather Services, the outcome was uncertain. Likewise, the present question is whether to evacuate or stay because of another hurricane named Sandy. The patients health condition is one of the major concerns of any hospital. Whether it is high risk patient or a low risk patient, the safety concerns remains the prime motive of every hospital. Hence, relocating patient based on the priority of health condition can help a lot to reduce confusion and complexity (11). Training the patients and making them mentally prepared before relocation is helpful to reduce escalations of health risks. Management of t he staffs, nurses, doctors and providing them with the necessary training will help a great deal in increasing cooperation during the patient relocations (12). Conclusions Therefore, from the above disclosure, it can be concluded that during crisis situations like the severe storms and hurricanes. It is often necessary to relocate patients to a safer location, to minimize the escalations of health conditions. Often the hospital authorities stay in dilemma whether to evacuate or stay during a storm and hurricane warning. Evacuations as a whole mean to relocate the patients which include both the high risk and low risk patients. Relocating patients is a logistical and labor intensive job which needs proper coordination and continuous monitoring of high risk patients and cooperation between the hospital staffs, nurses and the doctors. The main reason due to which the hospital authorities often perform the relocation task is because, for them the health conditions of the patients is the major concern. The health conditions of the high risk patients like the patients that are under the intensive care require uninterrupted power supply to continue the proper functioning of the life supporting services. Such patients require to be relocated to safety on priority basis. While the low risk patients can be relocated later depending upon the urgency and need to minimize the chances of health condition escalation. According to several researches, it is found that 70% of the patients fall into the category of low risk patients which often do not require active monitoring and doctor watch. Hence, such low risk patients can be relocated depending on the degree of health condition (13). The hospitals no doubt are the important for every community, but their location near the coastal areas often make them vulnerable to storms and hurricanes. Such hospitals need to constructed after assessing their geographical positon and such hospitals must have the emergency power supply to support the electrical equipment needed to drive the life supporting devices and equipment (14). During an emergency situation arising due to natural calamity, the hospital staffs and the nurses are first to respond to such situations. Hence, the hospital staffs and the nurses need to be properly trained to deal with emergency situations (15). Workshops, seminars can be organized by the hospital authorities aimed at delivering quality training to the hospital staffs and the nurses (16). References Powell T, Hanfling D, Gostin LO. Emergency preparedness and public health: the lessons of Hurricane Sandy. JAMA. 2012 Dec 26;308(24):2569-70. Yeo HJ, Bak WS, Yoo MC, Park SC, Lee SC. Evaluation of patients' queue environment on medical service using queueing theory. Journal of the Korean Society for Quality Management. 2014;42(1):71-9. Knibbe JJ, Knibbe NE, Waaijer E. Flying through the hospital: efficiency and safety of an ergonomic solution. Work. 2012 Jan 1;41(Supplement 1):5642-3. Leditschke IA, Green M, Irvine J, Bissett B, Mitchell IA. What are the barriers to mobilizing intensive care patients?. Cardiopulmonary physical therapy journal. 2012 Mar;23(1):26. Langen PA, Katz JS, Dempsey G, Pompano J, inventors; Digital Equipment Corporation, assignee. Remote monitoring of high-risk patients using artificial intelligence. United States patent US 5,357,427. 1994 Oct 18. Cooper S, Cant R, Porter J, Missen K, Sparkes L, McConnell-Henry T, Endacott R. Managing patient deterioration: assessing teamwork and individual performance. Emerg Med J. 2012 Jan 1:emermed-2012. Ammenwerth E, Schnell-Inderst P, Hoerbst A. The impact of electronic patient portals on patient care: a systematic review of controlled trials. Journal of medical Internet research. 2012 Nov;14(6). Burkey ML, Bhadury J, Eiselt HA. A location-based comparison of health care services in four US states with efficiency and equity. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. 2012 Jun 30;46(2):157-63. Wheeler DS, Geis G, Mack EH, LeMaster T, Patterson MD. High-reliability emergency response teams in the hospital: improving quality and safety using in situ simulation training. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013 Feb 1:bmjqs-2012. Flynn D, Knoedler MA, Hess EP, Murad MH, Erwin PJ, Montori VM, Thomson RG. Engaging patients in health care decisions in the emergency department through shared decision?making: a systematic review. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2012 Aug 1;19(8):959-67. Elliott RA. Reducing medication regimen complexity for older patients prior to discharge from hospital: feasibility and barriers. Journal of clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 2012 Dec 1;37(6):637-42. Macphee M, Suryaprakash N. First?line nurse leaders health?care change management initiatives. Journal of nursing management. 2012 Mar 1;20(2):249-59. Grol R, Wensing M, Eccles M, Davis D, editors. Improving patient care: the implementation of change in health care. John Wiley Sons; 2013 Mar 18. Powell T, Hanfling D, Gostin LO. Emergency preparedness and public health: the lessons of Hurricane Sandy. JAMA. 2012 Dec 26;308(24):2569-70. Curtis JR, Back AL, Ford DW, Downey L, Shannon SE, Doorenbos AZ, Kross EK, Reinke LF, Feemster LC, Edlund B, Arnold RW. Effect of communication skills training for residents and nurse practitioners on quality of communication with patients with serious illness: a randomized trial. Jama. 2013 Dec 4;310(21):2271-81. Ross K, Barr J, Stevens J. Mandatory continuing professional development requirements: what does this mean for Australian nurses. BMC nursing. 2013 Mar 27;12(1):9.

The One Thing Needful Essay Example

The One Thing Needful Paper Hard Times is a poignant novel, published in 1854, by Charles Dickens and set in the bleak and dreary workhouses of the Victorian era. Hard Times is in many ways an autobiographical novel. It is based on Dickens own experiences as part of a poor family whose father was in prison for debt. All of the family except for Charles were sent to a workhouse while he worked in a blacking factory in appalling conditions. Although his was a story of rags to riches following the publications of his bestselling novels, he continued to voice his concerns for social problems in Victorian British society. Hard Times is one of the several novels that explore the lives of the poor and working class, who, despite making up the majority of the population, had little or no say in improving their lives. As Britain wound through the Industrial Revolution, producing machinery that had no need for manual labour resulted in hundreds of thousands migrating to the cities in the hope of finding a job- a source of livelihood. These migrants usually ended up in the workhouses, again in manual labour and almost always living in abject poverty. Their children ended up going to school with an education described in detail in the first few chapters of Hard Times. In brief, the children were forced to learn facts by rote the only principle that the Utilitarian masters considered of value. It was their belief that for children who were destined to live lives of misery in poverty, the only thing useful for them would be to become efficient workers. As a result, the childrens education followed the same monotonous, formal and mechanical process like their work in the factories. We will write a custom essay sample on The One Thing Needful specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The One Thing Needful specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The One Thing Needful specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In Hard Times, Dickens criticises the educational system fiercely, and illustrates his dislike through a wide range of linguistic and other devices. The first chapter named The One Thing Needful has little narrative content but it paints an intense dramatic picture of the harsh teaching system and the mechanical figure of the Speaker who is more of an object than a person. Hard Times is divided into three parts; the first part is named Sowing, the second Reaping and the third Garnering. This extended metaphor is used by Dickens to introduce the sowing of facts as seeds into the fertile innocent minds of the children even though the hard facts seem to yield nothing. However, the Speaker is forceful as he insists on, plant nothing else, and root out everything else, to mould the childrens minds. The image of rooting out illustrates a forceful and painful action in the readers mind. Despite the motif of nature and plants, Dickens paints an austere and insensitive atmosphere as the scene comes into view: a plain, bare, monotonous vault of a schoolroom. The visual imagery emphasizes Dickens belief that no creativity could flourish in a place so dreary. In this scene the Speaker is instructing the school teacher how to teach which adds to the irony and confusion. The description of the Speaker, whose character is summed up as, inflexible, dry and dictatorial, verges on the comical as Dickens uses repetition to emphasize the rigidity (squareness) of the Speaker and therefore the educational system. As the Speaker is depersonalized, the objects around him become animate including his tie, trained to take him by the throat with an unaccommodating grasp. From sowing to strangling, hard times are literally foreshadowed ahead through this unsuitable education. Moreover, Dickens uses exaggeration to the point of making his characters into caricatures. The emphasis was helped by the speakers square wall of a forehead, which had his eyebrows for its base, while his eyes found commodious cellarage in two dark caves, overshadowed by the wall. The Speaker, to the reader looks more like a dull piece of architecture than a person. In fact, the way in which Dickens makes caricatures is an argument in itself against the facts of Utilitarianism.

Josh Miller Essays - Christianity, Religion, Christian Theology

Josh Miller Dr. Rose World Religions May 10 2017 Describe the development of judaism from a "family" religion during the time of the Patriarchs to a "world" religion. The development of Judaism, religion developed among the ancient Hebrews . Judaism is characterized by a belief in one God who revealed himself to Abraham , Moses , and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions. Judaism is the complex situation of a total way of life for the Jewish people, include theology , law, and countless cultural traditions. History of the patriarchs as we now have them are all post-Sinaitic, that is they mean the change in the belief and practice that date from the time of Moses. The Bible reports recent events and activities for essentially religious reasons. The biblical authors believed that the divine company is encountered primarily within history. God's presence is also experienced within the natural kingdom, but the more immediate or intimate disclosure occurs in human actions. Although other ancient communities also perceived a divine presence in his tory, the understanding of the ancient Israelites proved to be the most lasting and influential. It is this particular claimto have experienced God's presence in human events and its subsequent development that is the differentiating factor in Jewish thought. 2. List five early christian heresies and describe why they were declared heresies. Adoptionism, Belief that Jesus was born as a the king of mankind, was very good and that he was adopted later as Son of God by the family of the Spirit on him. Adoptionism was declared heresy at the end of the 2nd century and was rejected by the Synods of Antioch and the First Council of Nicaea , which defined the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity and identified the man Jesus with the eternally begotten Son or Word of God in the Nicene Creed . Monarchianism is a set of beliefs that emphasize God as being one person , in direct contrast to Trinitarianism which defines God as three persons existing as one . An overemphasis on the indivisibility of God (the Father) at the expense of the other persons of the Holy Trinity leading to either Sabellianism (Modalism) or to Adoptionism . Docetism, b elief that Jesus' physical body was an illusion, as was his crucifixion; that is, Jesus only seemed to have a physical body and to physically die, but in reality he was bodiless, a pure spirit, and hence could not physically die. Patripassianism, b elief that the Father and Son are not two distinct persons, and thus God the Father suffered on the cross as Jesus. Sabellianism, b elief that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are three characterizations of one God, rather than three distinct persons in one God. 3. Describe some of the main theological understandings of Christian Baptism. Baptism is an act in which a Christian is put in water to symbolize the end of an old way of living, and a new start.The Bible first mentions baptism in its accounts of John the Baptist. This was under the old covenant, when baptism was for the Cancellation of sins. A person that should be baptized is a person who has made a lifetime commitment to follow Jesus, listen the word of God and live a new life is a candidate to be baptized. Such ones are repentant and want to be free from their sin. Though Christianity consists of a hidden life with God, baptism is an outward act in which we state our want to follow Jesus on this inner way. From the very day of Pentecost the Church has celebrated and administered Holy Baptism. Indeed St. Peter declares to the crowd are amazed by his preachings. Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you shall receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. 4. Compare the theological understandings of the holy communion. Lutheran and Catholic theologians in 1968, Lutherans agreed that the celebration of the Eucharist involves a sacrifice of praise and self-offering that unites the believer with the sacrifice of Christ. At the same time, Catholics

Tenzing Norgay Biography

Tenzing Norgay Biography 11:30 am, May 29, 1953. Sherpa Tenzing Norgay and New Zealands Edmund Hillary step onto the summit of Mount Everest, the worlds tallest mountain. First, they shake hands, as proper members of a British mountaineering team, but then Tenzing grabs Hillary in an exuberant hug at the top of the world. They linger only about 15 minutes. Hillary snaps a photo as Tenzing unfurls the flags of Nepal, the United Kingdom, India and the United Nations. Tenzing is unfamiliar with the camera, so there is no photo of Hillary at the summit. The two climbers then begin their descent back to high camp #9. They have conquered Chomolungma, the Mother of the World, 29,029 feet (8,848 meters) above sea level. Tenzings Early Life Tenzing Norgay was born the eleventh of thirteen children in May of 1914. His parents named him Namgyal Wangdi, but a Buddhist lama later suggested he change it to Tenzing Norgay (wealthy and fortunate follower of the teachings). The exact date and circumstances of his birth are disputed. Although in his autobiography, Tenzing claims to have been born in Nepal to a Sherpa family, it seems more likely that he was born in the Kharta Valley of Tibet. When the familys yaks died in an epidemic, his desperate parents sent Tenzing to live with a Nepalese Sherpa family as an indentured servant. Introduction to Mountaineering At 19, Tenzing Norgay moved to Darjeeling, India, where there was a sizable Sherpa community. There, the British Everest expedition leader Eric Shipton noticed him and hired him as a high-altitude porter for a 1935 reconnaissance of the northern (Tibetan) face of the mountain. Tenzing would act as a porter for two additional British attempts on the northern side in the 1930s, but this route would be closed off to westerners by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1945. Along with Canadian mountaineer Earl Denman and Ange Dawa Sherpa, Tenzing snuck over the Tibetan border in 1947 to make another attempt on Everest. They were turned back at about 22,000 feet (6,700 meters) by a pounding snow-storm. Geopolitical Turmoil The year 1947 was a tumultuous one in South Asia. India achieved its independence, ending the British Raj, and then split into India and Pakistan. Nepal, Burma, and Bhutan also had to reorganize themselves after the British exit. Tenzing had been living in what became Pakistan with his first wife, Dawa Phuti, but she passed away at a young age there. During the 1947 Partition of India, Tenzing took his two daughters and moved back to Darjeeling, India. In 1950, China invaded Tibet and asserted control over it, strengthening the ban on foreigners. Luckily, the Kingdom of Nepal was beginning to open its borders to foreign adventurers. The following year, a small exploratory party made up mostly of Britons scouted the southern, Nepalese approach to Everest. Among the party were a small group of Sherpas, including Tenzing Norgay, and an up-and-coming climber from New Zealand, Edmund Hillary. In 1952, Tenzing joined a Swiss expedition led by the famous climber Raymond Lambert as it made an attempt on the Lhotse Face of Everest. Tenzing and Lambert got as high as 28,215 feet (8,599 meters), less than 1,000 feet from the summit before they were turned back by bad weather. The 1953 Hunt Expedition The following year, another British expedition led by John Hunt set out for Everest. It was the eighth major expedition since 1852, including more than 350 porters, 20 Sherpa guides, and 13 western mountaineers, including once again Edmund Hillary. Tenzing Norgay was hired on as a mountaineer, rather than as a Sherpa guide - an indication of the respect his skills engendered in the European climbing world. It was Tenzings seventh Everest expedition. Tenzing and Edmund Hillary Although Tenzing and Hillary would not become close personal friends until long after their historic feat, they quickly learned to respect one another as mountaineers. Tenzing even saved Hillarys life in the early stages of the 1953 expedition. The two were roped together, making their way across the ice-field at the base of Everest, the New Zealander leading, when Hillary jumped a crevasse. The icy cornice he landed on broke off, sending the lanky mountaineer tumbling down into the crevasse. At the last possible moment, Tenzing was able to tighten the rope and prevent his climbing partner from smashing onto the rocks at the bottom of the crevasse. Push for the Summit The Hunt expedition made its base camp in March of 1953, then slowly established eight higher camps, acclimatizing themselves to the altitude along the way. By late May, they were within striking distance of the summit. The first two-man team to make the push was Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans, on May 26, but they had to turn back just 300 feet short of the summit when one of their oxygen masks failed. Two days later, Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary set out at 6:30 am for their attempt. Tenzing and Hillary strapped on their oxygen masks on that crystal-clear morning and started kicking steps into the icy snow. By 9 am they had reached the South Summit, below the true summit. After climbing the bare, 40-foot vertical rock now called the Hillary Step, the two traversed a ridge and rounded the last switchback corner to find themselves on top of the world. Tenzings Later Life The newly-crowned Queen Elizabeth II knighted Edmund Hillary and John Hunt, but Tenzing Norgay received only the British Empire Medal rather than a knighthood. In 1957, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru threw his support behind Tenzings efforts to train South Asian boys and girls in mountaineering skills and provide scholarships for their studies. Tenzing himself was able to live comfortably after his Everest triumph, and he sought to extend the same path out of poverty to other people. After the death of his first wife, Tenzing married two other women. His second wife was Ang Lahmu, who had no children of her own but looked after Dawa Phutis surviving daughters, and his third wife was Dakku, with whom Tenzing had three sons and a daughter. At the age of 61, Tenzing was selected by King Jigme Singye Wangchuck to guide the first foreign tourists allowed into the Kingdom of Bhutan. Three years later, he established Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a trekking company now managed by his son Jamling Tenzing Norgay. On May 9, 1986, Tenzing Norgay passed away at the age of 71. Different sources list his cause of death as either a cerebral hemorrhage or a bronchial condition. Thus, a life-story that begins with a mystery also ends with one. Tenzing Norgays Legacy It has been a long road...From a mountain coolie, a bearer of loads, to a wearer of a coat with rows of medals who is carried about in planes and worries about income tax. ~ Tenzing Norgay Of course, Tenzing could have said, From a child sold into servitude, but he never liked to talk about the circumstances of his childhood. Born into grinding poverty, Tenzing Norgay quite literally reached the summit of international fame. He became a symbol of achievement for the new nation of India, his adoptive home, and helped numerous other South Asian people (Sherpas and others alike) gain a comfortable lifestyle through mountaineering. Probably most importantly to him, this man who never learned to read (though he could speak six languages) was able to send his four youngest children to good universities in the United States. They live very well today but always give back to projects involving the Sherpas and Mount Everest. Sources Norgay, Jamling Tenzing. Touching my Fathers Soul: A Sherpas Journey to the Top of Everest, New York: Harper Collins, 2001. Norgay, Tenzing. Tiger of the Snows: The Autobiography of Tenzing of Everest, New York: Putnam, 1955. Rizzo, Johnna. QA: Biographer on Everest Pioneer Tenzing Norgay, National Geographic News, May 8, 2003. Salkeld, Audrey. South Side Story, PBS Nova Online Adventure, updated Nov. 2000.

Drug Prohibition essays

Drug Prohibition essays Under the United States Constitution the federal government is charged with the responsibilities to protect our individual, as well as collective, rights to life and liberty. Often times this charge leads the various branches of the federal government to create, implement, and enforce policy that is designed to protect society from itself. Noble in its ambition the result although not apparent initially, sometimes does more to hinder the rights of the citizens it is attempting to protect, and/or the cost of doing so becomes a higher price than that of the cost that is being avoided. In this case it is necessary to re-evaluate the situation and explore any alternatives that may offer a more fathomable solution concerning both protection of rights as well as the cost of so doing. In the late 1980s the United States government made such policy and today the results have done little to resolve the problem and have left the country closer to the danger it sought to prevent. The policy is known as the War on Drugs. Initially the drug prohibition was, however idealistic, a valiant attempt to rid the country of this terrible enemy. The objectives were simple; to impose stiff penalties on those who use drugs outlined to be illicit, quell all to trade and commerce of such substances, and even to go as far to prevent countries with in our general border vicinity from producing and exporting these substances. The illicit drug market, pre-drug war, is estimated to be a hundred billion dollar a year business. The federal government, since the beginning the war of drug, spends approximately ten billion dollars a year on drug enforcement agencies and programs, and another estimated one hundred and ninety billion dollars a year on investigating drug related crimes, prosecution of alleged drug activities, and enforcing punishments and/or imprisonment. That adds up to be a staggering cost of two hundred...